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"A stimulating paper." -The Nation"The most important general paper that has been communicated to us." -Geographical Journal"A notable paper ... makes a bold generalisation as to the geographical control of world politics." -Indian Ed.Halford John Mackinder's 1904 paper "The Geographical Pivot of History" is an attempt to exhibit human history as part of the life of the world organism by showing how the successive invasions of the Asiatic nomads from the steppe-land (the pivot) moulded the settled peoples of Europe. In some measure the strategic advantages of these nomads has been neutralized by the development of mobility upon the ocean. But the steppe-land is about to be covered with a network of railways giving a mobility of military and economic power greater than that of the sea, so that it will continue to be the pivot region of the world's politics. The strength of Asiatic hordes lay in their mobility, and ceased when they entered the forests and mountains.The grim determination of European peoples to check these successive hordes and not be crushed into a widespread despotism was the principal reason of European advance and unity during all these ages. Thus the spirit which stimulated the peoples of Europe and made them progress was the healthy and powerful reaction against pressure from the steppe lands of Asia.The discovery of the New World changed the relations of Europe and Asia. Europe no longer watched in dread for what might come from Asia. She turned her back on Asia and founded new Europes beyond the oceans.But now the whole world is occupied and well filled with people, save only the vast steppes of Euro-Asia. Europe is fenced in again as she was 400 years ago, and can expand no farther. The land power, the steppes of the Russian Empire and Mongolia, dormant while the oceans were being overrun, will now reassert itself. Railways are to give the steppes mobility and replace the horse and camel. Here there is room for hundreds of millions, who shall derive countless riches from the wealth of fertile plains, boundless forests, and neighboring mountains."The Geographical Pivot of History" thus formulated the Heartland Theory. This is often considered as a, if not the, founding moment of geopolitics as a field of study, although Mackinder did not use the term. Whilst the Heartland Theory initially received little attention outside geography, this theory would later exercise some influence on the foreign policies of world powers. According to Mackinder, the Earth's land surface was divisible into: The World-Island, comprising the interlinked continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa. This was the largest, most populous, and richest of all possible land combinations. The offshore islands, including the British Isles and the islands of Japan. The outlying islands, including the continents of North America, South America, and Australia.The Heartland lay at the centre of the world island, stretching from the Volga to the Yangtze and from the Himalayas to the Arctic. Mackinder's Heartland was the area then ruled by the Russian Empire and after that by the Soviet Union. Later, in 1919, Mackinder summarised his theory as: "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island; who rules the World-Island commands the world." Any power which controlled the World-Island would control well over 50% of the world's resources. The Heartland's size and central position made it the key to controlling the World-Island.About the author:Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (1861 –1947) was an English geographer, academic, politician, the first Principal of University Extension College, Reading (which became the University of Reading) and Director of the London School of Economics, who is regarded as one of the founding fathers of both geopolitics and geostrategy.

Télécharger The Geographical Pivot of History (1904) (English Edition) de Halford John Mackinder Livres En Ligne

The Geographical Pivot of History (1904) ~ The geographical pivot of history (1904) 301 424 THE GEOGRAPHICAL PIVOT OF HISTORY. seas is deferred to July and August. In the south the later summer is a period of drought. As a consequence of this climatic regime, the north and north-west were forest broken only by marshes, whereas the south and south-east were a boundless grassy steppe, with trees only along the rivers. The line separating .

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The Geographical Pivot of History - uniroma1 ~ APRIL, 1904. VOL. XXIII. THE GEOGRAPHICAL PIVOT OF HISTORY.* By H. J. MACKINDER, M.A., Reader in Geography in the University of Oxford; Director of the London School of Economics and Political Science. WHEN historians in the remote future come to look back on the group of centuries through which we are now passing, and see them fore- shortened, as we to-day see the Egyptian dynasties, it may .

File:The Geographical Pivot of History.pdf - Wikispooks ~ The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History.pdf ‎ (file size: 1.98 MB, MIME type: application/pdf) Halford Mackinder's seminal paper on the determining role of global geography on global politics. The concepts and categories it defines have remained a staple of geo-politics for over 100 years and were the root motivations of the allied powers in both 20th century world wars.

The Geographical Journal , Vol. 170 , No. 4, December 2004 ~ The geographical pivot of history (1904) 319. 320 The geographical pivot of history (1904) The geographical pivot of history (1904) 321. Created Date: 12/8/2004 5:22:33 AM .

« Le pivot géographique de l'histoire » : une lecture ~ Cet article est une analyse critique et précise du célèbre article de Mackinder « The geographical pivot of History ». Alors qu’il n’a jamais employé le terme géopolitique, Mackinder est pourtant toujours considéré comme le fondateur de la géopolitique. C’est pourquoi une lecture critique de son article s’impose. Sa notoriété repose sur l’emploi du terme heartland .

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The Geographical Pivot of History / work by Mackinder ~ Other articles where The Geographical Pivot of History is discussed: Halford Mackinder: …Geographical Society in 1904, “The Geographical Pivot of History.” In it he argued that interior Asia and eastern Europe (the heartland) had become the strategic centre of the “World Island” as a result of the relative decline of sea power as against land power and of the economic and industrial…

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Halford Mackinder / British political geographer / Britannica ~ Halford Mackinder, British political geographer noted for his work as an educator and for his geopolitical conception of the globe as divided into two camps, the ascendant Eurasian “heartland” and the subordinate “maritime lands,” including the other continents. He was knighted in 1920. Mackinder

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Halford John Mackinder — Wikipédia ~ The Geographical Pivot of History (d modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Sir Halford John Mackinder , né le 15 février 1861 à Gainsborough ( Lincolnshire ) et mort le 6 mars 1947 à Bournemouth , est un géographe britannique , généralement considéré comme le père fondateur de la géopolitique .

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